The proximity principle states that elements that are close together in space are perceived as belonging together, even if they are not similar in other ways.

The similarity principle states that elements that are similar in appearance, such as color, shape, or texture, are perceived as belonging together, even if they are not close together in space.

The continuity principle states that elements that are arranged in a continuous line or pattern are perceived as belonging together, even if they are interrupted by other elements.

The closure principle states that elements that are incomplete or missing parts are perceived as complete, even if the missing parts are not actually present.

The symmetry principle states that elements that are arranged in a symmetrical or balanced way are perceived as belonging together, even if they are not similar in other ways.

The common fate principle states that elements that are surrounded by other elements are perceived as belonging together, even if they are not similar in other ways.

The common fate principle states that elements that move together are perceived as belonging together, even if they are not similar in other ways.

The surroundedness principle states that elements that are surrounded by other elements are perceived as belonging together, even if they are not similar in other ways.

The hierarchy principle states that elements that are arranged in a hierarchical manner are perceived as belonging together, even if they are not similar in other ways.

The radial pattern principle states that elements that are arranged in a radial pattern are perceived as belonging together, even if they are not similar in other ways.

The grid pattern principle states that elements that are arranged in a grid pattern are perceived as belonging together, even if they are not similar in other ways.

The spiral pattern principle states that elements that are arranged in a spiral pattern are perceived as belonging together, even if they are not similar in other ways.

The concentric pattern principle states that elements that are arranged in a concentric pattern are perceived as belonging together, even if they are not similar in other ways.

The random pattern principle states that elements that are arranged in a random pattern are perceived as belonging together, even if they are not similar in other ways.

The chaotic pattern principle states that elements that are arranged in a chaotic pattern are perceived as belonging together, even if they are not similar in other ways.