Restriction enzymes are used to cut DNA at specific sequences, known as restriction sites, allowing for precise manipulation and recombination of DNA fragments.

Gene cloning involves the isolation, amplification, and transfer of a specific gene from one organism to another, enabling the study and manipulation of genes.

Plasmids are small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria, commonly used as vectors for gene cloning due to their ease of manipulation and high copy number.

Selectable markers, such as antibiotic resistance genes, are used in gene cloning to identify and select cells that have successfully taken up the cloned gene.

Gene amplification involves the replication of a specific gene or DNA region, resulting in multiple copies of that gene.

Transformation is a technique used to introduce foreign DNA into a host organism, typically bacteria, by directly taking up the DNA from the surrounding environment.

Transcription is the process by which the information encoded in a gene is copied into a complementary RNA molecule.

RNA polymerase is the enzyme responsible for synthesizing RNA molecules from a DNA template during transcription.

Translation is the process by which the information encoded in an RNA molecule is used to synthesize a protein.

Exons are the regions of DNA that code for a specific protein, while introns are non-coding regions that are removed during RNA splicing.

Gel electrophoresis is a technique used to separate DNA fragments based on their size, allowing for the analysis and identification of specific DNA molecules.

DNA sequencing is the process of determining the order of nucleotides in a DNA molecule, providing valuable information about the genetic makeup of an organism.

DNA replication is the process by which a new DNA strand is synthesized using a complementary DNA strand as a template.

PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) is a technique used to amplify a specific DNA sequence, allowing for the detection and analysis of even small amounts of DNA.

RNA replication is the process by which a new RNA strand is synthesized using a complementary RNA strand as a template.