Dualism is a philosophical position that posits the existence of two fundamentally distinct substances: the mind and the body. It asserts that the mind is non-physical and immaterial, while the body is physical and material.

Materialism posits that consciousness is a product of brain activity. It asserts that the physical processes occurring in the brain give rise to subjective experiences and mental phenomena.

Phenomenal consciousness refers to the subjective, qualitative aspects of conscious experience. It encompasses the raw sensory qualities, emotions, and feelings that we experience.

Eliminative materialism is a philosophical position that denies the existence of consciousness as a distinct phenomenon. It argues that consciousness is an illusion and that all mental phenomena can be explained in terms of physical processes.

Access consciousness refers to the ability to consciously access and report on one's own mental states. It allows us to reflect on our thoughts, feelings, and intentions and to communicate them to others.

Panpsychism is a philosophical position that posits that consciousness is an irreducible, fundamental aspect of reality. It asserts that consciousness is not merely a product of brain activity but is inherent in all matter.

Metacognition refers to the ability to think about one's own thoughts and mental processes. It involves the awareness of one's own cognitive abilities, limitations, and biases.

Neutral monism is a philosophical position that posits that the mind and the body are two aspects of a single, unified substance. It asserts that this substance is neither mental nor physical but is a neutral stuff that gives rise to both mental and physical phenomena.

The hard problem of consciousness refers to the problem of explaining how physical processes in the brain can give rise to subjective conscious experiences. It is considered to be one of the most challenging problems in philosophy and cognitive science.

Emergent materialism is a philosophical position that posits that consciousness is an emergent property of complex physical systems. It asserts that consciousness arises from the interactions and organization of physical components, such as neurons in the brain.

The binding problem refers to the problem of explaining how different sensory modalities are integrated into a unified conscious experience. It addresses the question of how the brain combines information from different senses to create a coherent and meaningful representation of the world.

Idealism is a philosophical position that posits that the mind is the only fundamental reality and that the physical world is an illusion. It asserts that all of reality is mental or spiritual in nature.

The measurement problem refers to the problem of explaining how subjective conscious experiences can be objectively studied and measured. It addresses the question of how scientists can access and quantify something that is inherently private and subjective.

Interactionism is a philosophical position that posits that the mind and the body are distinct entities but interact with each other. It asserts that mental events can influence physical events and vice versa.

The diversity problem refers to the problem of explaining how physical processes in the brain can give rise to the rich variety of subjective conscious experiences. It addresses the question of how the brain can produce such a wide range of mental phenomena, from simple sensations to complex emotions and thoughts.