The primary responsibility of states under international humanitarian law is to protect civilians from the effects of armed conflict. This includes taking measures to prevent or minimize civilian casualties, providing humanitarian assistance, and ensuring that civilians are treated humanely.

The principle of command responsibility holds that a superior is responsible for the actions of their subordinates, even if they did not directly order or participate in those actions. This principle is based on the idea that superiors have a duty to prevent or punish crimes committed by their subordinates.

Direct responsibility for a violation of international humanitarian law occurs when an individual directly commits the violation. Indirect responsibility occurs when an individual orders, encourages, or aids someone else to commit the violation.

Violations of international humanitarian law can result in criminal prosecution, civil liability, reparations, or a combination of these consequences.

Individuals, states, and non-state armed groups can all be held responsible for violations of international humanitarian law.

The ICC is a permanent international court that investigates and prosecutes individuals accused of war crimes, crimes against humanity, and genocide.

There are a number of challenges to enforcing responsibility for violations of international humanitarian law, including the lack of political will to prosecute violators, the difficulty of gathering evidence in conflict zones, and the lack of cooperation from states and non-state armed groups.

There are a number of ways to improve the enforcement of responsibility for violations of international humanitarian law, including strengthening the ICC, encouraging states to adopt and implement national laws that incorporate international humanitarian law, and providing training to national judiciaries on international humanitarian law.

Civil society can play an important role in enforcing responsibility for violations of international humanitarian law by documenting violations, advocating for the prosecution of violators, and providing support to victims of war crimes, crimes against humanity, and genocide.

States have a responsibility to prevent violations of international humanitarian law by adopting and implementing national laws that incorporate international humanitarian law, providing training to their armed forces on international humanitarian law, and establishing mechanisms for investigating and prosecuting violations of international humanitarian law.

States have a responsibility to cooperate with international efforts to enforce responsibility for violations of international humanitarian law by surrendering individuals accused of war crimes, crimes against humanity, and genocide to the ICC, providing evidence to the ICC, and assisting the ICC in its investigations and prosecutions.

Individuals have a responsibility to comply with international humanitarian law by refraining from committing war crimes, crimes against humanity, and genocide, reporting violations of international humanitarian law to the appropriate authorities, and cooperating with international efforts to enforce responsibility for violations of international humanitarian law.

There are a number of challenges to ensuring accountability for violations of international humanitarian law, including the difficulty of gathering evidence in conflict zones, the lack of political will to prosecute violators, and the lack of cooperation from states and non-state armed groups.

There are a number of ways to improve accountability for violations of international humanitarian law, including strengthening the ICC, encouraging states to adopt and implement national laws that incorporate international humanitarian law, and providing training to national judiciaries on international humanitarian law.

The United Nations has a role to play in enforcing responsibility for violations of international humanitarian law. The UN Security Council can authorize the use of force to stop violations of international humanitarian law, the UN General Assembly can adopt resolutions condemning violations of international humanitarian law, and the UN Human Rights Council can investigate violations of international humanitarian law.