Filtration separates particles based on their size. Smaller particles pass through the filter, while larger particles are retained.

Reverse osmosis is a membrane separation process that uses pressure to force water molecules through a semipermeable membrane, leaving behind dissolved solids and other contaminants.

Microfiltration membranes have pore sizes ranging from 0.1 to 10 microns, which allows them to remove particles such as bacteria, protozoa, and suspended solids.

The efficiency of filtration is influenced by several factors, including membrane pore size, transmembrane pressure, feed concentration, and the properties of the particles being filtered.

Ultrafiltration, like filtration, separates particles based on their size. However, ultrafiltration membranes have smaller pore sizes, typically in the range of 0.001 to 0.1 microns, which allows them to remove smaller particles, such as viruses and proteins.

Ultrafiltration has a wide range of applications, including water purification, food processing, pharmaceutical manufacturing, and many others.

The main difference between microfiltration and ultrafiltration is the pore size of the membranes used. Microfiltration membranes have larger pores, typically in the range of 0.1 to 10 microns, while ultrafiltration membranes have smaller pores, typically in the range of 0.001 to 0.1 microns.

Ultrafiltration membranes can be made from a variety of materials, including ceramic, polymeric, and metallic materials.

The typical transmembrane pressure range for ultrafiltration is 1 to 10 bar, although it can vary depending on the specific application and membrane used.

The flux of an ultrafiltration membrane is influenced by several factors, including membrane pore size, transmembrane pressure, feed concentration, and the properties of the particles being filtered.

Nanofiltration, like filtration and ultrafiltration, separates particles based on their size. However, nanofiltration membranes have even smaller pore sizes, typically in the range of 0.001 to 0.01 microns, which allows them to remove even smaller particles, such as ions and small molecules.

Nanofiltration has a wide range of applications, including water softening, desalination, fruit juice clarification, and many others.

The main difference between ultrafiltration and nanofiltration is the pore size of the membranes used. Ultrafiltration membranes have larger pores, typically in the range of 0.001 to 0.1 microns, while nanofiltration membranes have smaller pores, typically in the range of 0.001 to 0.01 microns.

Nanofiltration membranes can be made from a variety of materials, including ceramic, polymeric, and metallic materials.

The typical transmembrane pressure range for nanofiltration is 10 to 100 bar, although it can vary depending on the specific application and membrane used.