Restriction Endonucleases are enzymes that recognize and cleave DNA at specific nucleotide sequences, enabling precise manipulation of DNA fragments.

Plasmids are small, circular DNA molecules that can replicate independently of the host cell's chromosome, making them useful vectors for gene transfer.

Transformation is the process of introducing foreign DNA into a host cell, typically by treating the cell with a chemical solution or using electroporation.

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is a method for exponentially amplifying a specific DNA sequence using a thermostable DNA polymerase and cycles of heating and cooling.

Transgenesis is the process of introducing a gene from one organism into the genome of another organism, resulting in a genetically modified organism (GMO).

DNA Ligase is an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of phosphodiester bonds between adjacent nucleotides, joining DNA fragments together.

Integration is the process by which a foreign gene is inserted into the host cell's chromosome, becoming a permanent part of the host's genome.

Gel Electrophoresis is a technique used to separate DNA fragments based on their size by applying an electric field to a gel containing the DNA samples.

Reverse Transcription is the process of synthesizing a complementary DNA strand from an RNA template using the enzyme Reverse Transcriptase.

Escherichia coli is a commonly used host organism for gene cloning due to its rapid growth rate, ease of genetic manipulation, and well-established molecular biology techniques.

Gene Cloning is the process of isolating and purifying a specific DNA fragment, often a gene, and inserting it into a vector for further manipulation or study.

Southern Blotting is a technique used to detect specific DNA sequences in a sample by transferring DNA fragments from a gel onto a nitrocellulose membrane and hybridizing them with a labeled DNA probe.

DNA Sequencing is the process of determining the sequence of nucleotides in a DNA molecule, providing valuable information about the genetic code and gene structure.

Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) is a technique used to identify variations in DNA sequences among individuals by analyzing the lengths of DNA fragments generated by restriction enzyme digestion.

Genetic Engineering is the process of modifying an organism's genetic material to achieve a desired trait, often by introducing or altering specific genes.