TEM is a powerful technique that allows for the direct visualization of nanomaterials at the atomic level, providing detailed information about their size, shape, and morphology.

XRD analysis involves directing a beam of X-rays at the nanomaterial and measuring the scattering pattern, which provides information about the crystal structure, phase composition, and grain size of the material.

XPS is a surface-sensitive technique that provides information about the elemental composition and chemical states of the elements present on the surface of the nanomaterial.

BET analysis is a gas adsorption technique used to measure the surface area and porosity of nanomaterials, providing insights into their specific surface area and pore structure.

UV-Vis spectroscopy is commonly used to study the optical properties of nanomaterials, such as their absorption, reflection, and transmission characteristics, providing information about their electronic structure and bandgap.

DLS is a non-invasive technique that measures the fluctuations in the intensity of scattered light due to the Brownian motion of nanoparticles in a suspension, providing information about their size distribution.

VSM is a widely used technique for studying the magnetic properties of nanomaterials, such as their magnetization, coercivity, and magnetic susceptibility, providing insights into their magnetic behavior.

Raman spectroscopy involves illuminating the nanomaterial with a laser beam and measuring the inelastically scattered light, providing information about the vibrational modes and chemical bonding within the material.

Four-probe resistivity measurement is a standard technique used to determine the electrical resistivity and conductivity of nanomaterials, providing insights into their charge transport properties.

TGA involves heating the nanomaterial at a controlled rate and measuring the mass change as a function of temperature, providing information about its thermal stability and decomposition behavior.

XPS is a surface-sensitive technique that provides information about the elemental composition and chemical states of the elements present on the surface of the nanomaterial, allowing for the study of its surface chemistry.

AFM involves scanning a sharp tip over the surface of the nanomaterial and measuring the force between the tip and the surface, providing information about the topography, roughness, and mechanical properties of the material.

Nanoindentation is a technique used to measure the mechanical properties of nanomaterials, such as their hardness, elastic modulus, and fracture toughness, by applying a controlled force to the material with a sharp indenter.

SEM involves scanning a beam of electrons over the surface of the nanomaterial and detecting the secondary electrons emitted from the surface, providing information about the topography, morphology, and size of the material.

Cyclic voltammetry is a technique used to investigate the electrochemical properties of nanomaterials, such as their redox behavior, charge storage capacity, and electrochemical stability, by applying a cyclic potential sweep to the material.