In many cultures throughout history, women were denied access to formal music education and performance opportunities due to societal norms and gender roles.

Giuseppe Verdi's operas, such as La Traviata and Aida, featured complex and powerful female characters, breaking away from traditional gender stereotypes in opera.

Gender bias in music performance refers to the tendency to perceive female musicians as less competent than male musicians, regardless of their actual skills and abilities.

In the 19th century, the piano was often seen as a suitable instrument for women to play, while instruments like the trumpet were considered more appropriate for men.

Gendered instrumentation refers to the practice of associating certain instruments with specific genders, reinforcing societal norms and stereotypes about gender roles in music.

Joan Tower became the first woman to win the Pulitzer Prize for Music in 1990 for her orchestral work Silver Ladders.

Gender imbalance in music performance refers to the disparity in representation between male and female musicians in various musical settings, often resulting in a lack of opportunities for women.

Antonia Brico became the first woman to lead a major symphony orchestra in the United States when she conducted the New York Philharmonic in 1938.

Musical segregation refers to the practice of excluding individuals from participating in musical activities based on their gender, reinforcing societal norms and stereotypes about gender roles in music.

Pauline Oliveros was a pioneering composer and performer known for her innovative work in electronic music, improvisation, and experimental composition.

Musical misogyny refers to the systemic discrimination and prejudice against women in the music industry, including objectification, sexual harassment, and unequal opportunities.

Carole King became the first woman to win the Grammy Award for Album of the Year twice, for her albums Tapestry (1971) and Music (1972).

Gendered musical roles refer to the practice of assigning specific musical activities, instruments, or genres to specific genders, reinforcing societal norms and expectations about gender roles in music.

Lauryn Hill became the first woman to win the Grammy Award for Best Rap Album in 1999 for her album The Miseducation of Lauryn Hill.

The historical erasure of women in music refers to the tendency to overlook or minimize the contributions of female musicians in music history, leading to a distorted and incomplete understanding of musical heritage.