Impervious surfaces, such as concrete and asphalt, absorb and retain heat more efficiently than natural surfaces, leading to higher temperatures in urban areas.

Concrete has a higher thermal conductivity compared to wood, glass, and brick, meaning it conducts heat more easily.

Urban structures and materials primarily absorb heat through radiation, where they absorb electromagnetic waves from the sun and convert them into heat.

High humidity, low wind speed, and dark-colored surfaces all contribute to the release of heat from urban structures and materials.

The urban heat island effect refers to the phenomenon where urban areas experience higher temperatures compared to their surrounding rural areas.

Green roofs, which are roofs partially or completely covered with vegetation, help reduce the urban heat island effect by providing shade, evapotranspiration, and insulation.

Urban structures and materials primarily release heat through radiation, where they emit electromagnetic waves that carry heat away.

Wood has a lower thermal conductivity compared to concrete, glass, and brick, meaning it conducts heat less easily.

Evapotranspiration is the process by which water evaporates from urban surfaces, such as vegetation and water bodies, and cools the surrounding air.

Large parking lots, which are typically made of impervious materials, contribute to the urban heat island effect by absorbing and retaining heat.

The urban cooling effect refers to the phenomenon where urban areas experience lower temperatures compared to their surrounding rural areas.

High humidity, low wind speed, and light-colored surfaces all contribute to the absorption of heat by urban structures and materials.

Urban temperature inversion refers to the phenomenon where urban areas experience higher temperatures during the night compared to their surrounding rural areas.

Large parks, which contain vegetation and water bodies, help increase the urban cooling effect by providing shade, evapotranspiration, and insulation.

The urban wind tunnel effect refers to the phenomenon where urban areas experience higher wind speeds compared to their surrounding rural areas.