William James

Charles Sanders Peirce

John Dewey

George Herbert Mead

Truth is determined by its practical consequences.

Reality is independent of human experience.

Knowledge is derived from sensory experience.

The universe is governed by natural laws.

To solve practical problems.

To understand the nature of reality.

To critique social and political institutions.

To achieve spiritual enlightenment.

Correspondence theory of truth

Instrumental theory of truth

Coherence theory of truth

Performative theory of truth

Theory and practice are distinct and unrelated.

Theory should guide practice.

Practice should guide theory.

Theory and practice are mutually interdependent.

Friedrich Nietzsche

Bertrand Russell

John Stuart Mill

William James

Experience is the source of all knowledge.

Experience is irrelevant to the pursuit of truth.

Experience is a subjective and unreliable guide.

Experience is a necessary but not sufficient condition for knowledge.

Doubt and uncertainty are obstacles to knowledge.

Doubt and uncertainty are necessary for intellectual progress.

Doubt and uncertainty are irrelevant to the pursuit of knowledge.

Doubt and uncertainty are signs of intellectual weakness.

It is too focused on practical consequences and neglects objective truth.

It is too subjective and relies heavily on individual experience.

It is too relativistic and undermines the possibility of universal truths.

It is too simplistic and fails to account for the complexity of human experience.

It has been largely abandoned in favor of more analytic approaches.

It continues to be a significant influence on contemporary philosophy.

It has been completely replaced by postmodernism.

It has been marginalized due to its association with relativism.