Landscape diversity refers to the variety of ecosystems within a region, while the other options refer to the diversity within a single ecosystem.

Ecology is the study of the interactions between organisms and their environment, including the flow of energy and nutrients through ecosystems.

Food production is a human activity, while the other options are examples of ecosystem services provided by natural ecosystems.

Extinction is the process by which a species disappears from the Earth, while the other options are factors that can contribute to extinction.

Pollution is a threat to human health, but it is not a direct threat to biodiversity.

Biogeography is the study of the distribution and abundance of organisms, while the other options are related to the study of ecosystems and populations.

Meta-analyses are a type of statistical analysis that combines the results of multiple studies, while the other options are types of ecosystem research.

Restoration ecology is the study of the process of restoring degraded ecosystems to their natural state, while the other options are related to the conservation of ecosystems.

Predicting the impacts of climate change on ecosystems is a goal of climate science, not ecosystem research.

Community ecology is the study of the interactions between different species in an ecosystem, while the other options are related to the study of populations, ecosystems, and landscapes.

Meta-population models are a type of population model, not an ecosystem model.

Invasive species are species that have been introduced to an ecosystem and have become a threat to native species.

Sustainable management is a goal of ecosystem management, not a type of ecosystem management.

Human ecology is the study of the impacts of human activities on ecosystems, while the other options are related to the study of the environment, conservation, and landscapes.

Food production is a human activity, while the other options are examples of ecosystem services provided by natural ecosystems.