The staff, also known as the musical staff, is a set of horizontal lines and spaces used to notate the pitch of musical notes.

A double barline, consisting of two parallel vertical lines, is used to mark the end of a musical piece or section.

The stem of a note or rest indicates its duration. The direction of the stem (up or down) depends on the position of the note on the staff.

Flags are small horizontal lines attached to the stem of a note to indicate its duration. The number of flags determines the note's value.

A tie is a curved line connecting two or more notes of the same pitch, indicating that they should be played as a single sustained note.

A crescendo is a gradual increase in volume, typically indicated by a wedge-shaped symbol pointing upward.

A decrescendo is a sudden decrease in volume, typically indicated by a wedge-shaped symbol pointing downward.

A tempo marking is a musical symbol that indicates a change in the tempo or speed of a piece, such as Allegro (fast), Andante (moderate), or Adagio (slow).

A rest is a musical symbol that indicates a pause or silence in a piece, with different types of rests representing different durations of silence.

An articulation marking is a musical symbol that indicates a specific way of playing a note or passage, such as staccato (detached), legato (smooth), or marcato (accented).

A repeat sign is a musical symbol that indicates a repetition of a section of music, typically consisting of two dots placed above or below a vertical line.

A coda is a musical symbol that indicates the end of a piece or section, typically consisting of a series of chords or a short passage that concludes the piece.

A fermata is a musical symbol that indicates a sudden stop or break in a musical passage, typically consisting of a dot or semicircle placed above or below a note.

A cadenza is a musical symbol that indicates an improvised or ornamental passage, typically performed by a soloist at the end of a movement or piece.

Modulation is a musical symbol that indicates a gradual transition from one key or tonality to another, typically involving a change in the key signature.