The Geneva Convention on Refugees, adopted in 1951, is the primary international treaty that defines the rights and responsibilities of refugees and the obligations of states to protect them.

The principle of non-refoulement is a fundamental principle of international refugee law that prohibits states from returning refugees to a country where they face persecution or serious harm.

The main difference between a refugee and an IDP is that refugees have crossed an international border, while IDPs have not.

Turkey has the largest refugee population in the world, hosting over 3.6 million refugees as of 2021, mainly from Syria.

Refugees face a multitude of challenges in accessing higher education, including lack of financial resources, language barriers, discrimination and xenophobia, and lack of recognition of foreign educational qualifications.

Ethiopia has adopted a community-based approach to refugee protection, which involves integrating refugees into local communities and providing them with access to essential services and opportunities.

The UNHCR is the United Nations agency responsible for providing humanitarian assistance to refugees, promoting and protecting their rights, and coordinating international cooperation on refugee issues.

The Global Compact on Refugees is a non-binding agreement that aims to end forced displacement by 2030, ensure that all refugees have access to safe and dignified living conditions, and promote burden-sharing and international cooperation on refugee issues.

All of the countries mentioned have been criticized for their restrictive asylum policies, which have made it more difficult for refugees to seek asylum and access protection.

Countries face a multitude of challenges in resettling refugees, including lack of financial resources, lack of political will, and public opposition to refugee resettlement.

All of the countries mentioned have adopted a quota system for refugee resettlement, which sets a specific number of refugees that will be resettled each year.

The CRPD aims to ensure that persons with disabilities have equal access to humanitarian assistance, promote their inclusion in refugee communities, and protect their rights when they are forcibly displaced.

All of the countries mentioned have been praised for their progressive approach to refugee protection, which includes providing generous asylum policies, access to essential services, and opportunities for integration.

Forcibly displaced women and girls face a multitude of challenges, including increased risk of sexual and gender-based violence, lack of access to essential services, discrimination and social exclusion.

All of the countries mentioned have been criticized for their policy of forcibly returning asylum seekers to their countries of origin, which violates the principle of non-refoulement.