The primary ethical concern in spectator sports is ensuring the safety and well-being of athletes, fans, and participants, which includes preventing violence and hooliganism.

All of the options presented pose ethical dilemmas in spectator sports, as they involve conflicts between values such as fairness, safety, and financial gain.

Hooliganism is the term used to describe the violent and disruptive behavior of fans at sporting events, often involving vandalism, fighting, and other forms of antisocial behavior.

The ethical principle of justice emphasizes the importance of treating individuals fairly and equitably, ensuring that athletes are given equal opportunities and are not discriminated against.

Doping is the term used to describe the use of drugs or substances to artificially enhance athletic performance, which is prohibited in most sports due to ethical concerns about fairness and health risks.

The ethical principle of non-maleficence emphasizes the importance of avoiding harm to others, ensuring that athletes and participants in sports are protected from physical and psychological harm.

Commercialization is the term used to describe the increasing influence of commercial interests on sports, often leading to the prioritization of profit over ethical considerations such as athlete welfare and fair play.

The ethical principle of autonomy emphasizes the importance of respecting the autonomy and decision-making power of individuals, ensuring that athletes have the freedom to make choices about their participation in sports.

Professionalization is the term used to describe the practice of paying athletes large sums of money, often leading to concerns about fairness and the exploitation of athletes, as well as the prioritization of financial gain over ethical considerations.

The ethical principle of beneficence emphasizes the importance of promoting the overall well-being and flourishing of individuals, ensuring that athletes are provided with the necessary support and resources to thrive.

Corruption is the term used to describe the practice of athletes engaging in unethical or illegal behavior, such as match-fixing or betting scandals, which undermines the integrity and fairness of sports.

The ethical principle of justice emphasizes the importance of ensuring that sports are conducted in a fair and impartial manner, ensuring that all athletes have an equal opportunity to succeed.

Doping is the term used to describe the practice of athletes using performance-enhancing drugs or substances to gain an unfair advantage over their competitors, which is prohibited in most sports due to ethical concerns about fairness and health risks.

The ethical principle of autonomy emphasizes the importance of respecting the rights and dignity of athletes as individuals, ensuring that they have the freedom to make choices about their participation in sports and are treated with respect.

Violence is the term used to describe the practice of athletes engaging in violent or aggressive behavior towards opponents or officials during a sporting event, which is prohibited due to ethical concerns about safety and fair play.