Bioenergetics focuses on the energy flow and conversion processes that occur within living organisms.

Covalent bonding involves the sharing of electrons between atoms, forming strong chemical bonds, while noncovalent interactions are weaker forces that contribute to protein structure.

The rate of a chemical reaction is affected by temperature, concentration of reactants, and the activation energy required for the reaction to occur.

Protein folding is the process by which a linear chain of amino acids arranges itself into a specific three-dimensional structure.

The isoelectric point is the pH at which the net charge of a protein is zero.

Biomolecular interactions involve the forces and mechanisms by which biomolecules recognize and bind to each other.

Homeostasis is the ability of a cell or organism to maintain a stable internal environment despite changes in the external environment.

The free energy change (ΔG) of a reaction is the difference between the initial and final free energy of the system.

The rate constant is the proportionality constant that relates the rate of a reaction to the concentration of the reactants.

X-ray crystallography, NMR spectroscopy, and electron microscopy are all techniques used to determine the structure of proteins.

Oxidative phosphorylation is the process by which cells generate ATP using the energy released from the transfer of electrons through the electron transport chain.

Biophysics encompasses the study of the interactions between biomolecules and radiation, including light, X-rays, and other forms of electromagnetic radiation.

Active transport, muscle contraction, and protein synthesis are all examples of cellular processes that require ATP.

Biomolecular interactions involve the forces and mechanisms by which biomolecules recognize and bind to each other.

Homeostasis is the ability of a cell or organism to maintain a stable internal environment despite changes in the external environment.