Papyrus was used in ancient Egypt, vellum was made from animal skin and used in Europe, and clay tablets were used in Mesopotamia and other ancient civilizations.

Transcription involves copying the text of a manuscript by hand, often onto a new material.

The Sumerians, an ancient civilization in Mesopotamia, developed cuneiform script, one of the earliest known writing systems.

Codicology is the study of ancient manuscripts, including their physical characteristics, materials, and history.

The ancient Egyptians used hieroglyphics as their primary writing system, which consisted of a combination of logographic and alphabetic characters.

Conservation involves the care and preservation of ancient manuscripts, including repairing damage and preventing further deterioration.

The ancient Chinese developed a writing system based on pictograms, which evolved over time into the characters used in modern Chinese.

Epigraphy is the study of ancient inscriptions, including those found on monuments, tablets, and other artifacts.

The Mesopotamians developed cuneiform, a writing system that used wedge-shaped marks inscribed on clay tablets.

Sigillography is the study of ancient seals and their inscriptions, which were used for authentication and identification.

The Phoenicians developed an alphabetic writing system that became the basis for many other alphabets, including the Greek and Roman alphabets.

Numismatics is the study of ancient coins and their inscriptions, which provide valuable information about historical events, rulers, and economic systems.

The ancient Egyptians developed a writing system based on hieroglyphics, which combined logographic and alphabetic characters.

Papyrology is the study of ancient papyri and their inscriptions, which provide valuable insights into ancient literature, history, and everyday life.

The ancient Chinese developed a writing system based on ideograms, which represent ideas or concepts rather than sounds.