Atomism is a philosophical school of thought that posits that reality is composed of fundamental, indivisible entities called atoms.

Dualism is a philosophical theory that posits that reality is composed of two fundamental substances: mind and matter.

Monism is a philosophical position that asserts that reality is composed of a single, all-encompassing substance or principle.

Essence, introduced by Aristotle, refers to the underlying essence or nature of an entity that makes it what it is.

In the context of metaphysics, a substance is an entity that exists independently of other entities and does not depend on them for its existence.

Holism is a philosophical school of thought that emphasizes the interconnectedness and interdependence of all entities in reality.

Monadology, proposed by Gottfried Leibniz, posits that reality is composed of an infinite number of simple, indivisible entities called monads.

Pluralism is a philosophical position that asserts that reality is composed of a multitude of distinct and independent entities.

Form, introduced by Plato, refers to the perfect and unchanging forms or ideas that exist independently of the physical world.

In the context of metaphysics, an accident is a property or characteristic that depends on a substance for its existence.

Reductionism is a philosophical school of thought that emphasizes the analysis of reality into its fundamental constituents or elements.

Matter, introduced by Aristotle, refers to the material or physical substance that underlies the form or essence of an entity.

Dualism is a philosophical position that asserts that reality is composed of both mental and physical substances.

Matter, introduced by Plato, refers to the imperfect and changing copies or representations of the perfect forms that exist in the physical world.

Metaphysics is a philosophical school of thought that emphasizes the study of the fundamental nature of reality and existence.