Fiscal policy is the use of government spending and taxation to influence the economy. One of its primary goals is to stabilize the economy by managing aggregate demand.

Monetary policy is the use of interest rates and other tools by a central bank to influence the economy. Its primary objective is to control inflation by managing the money supply.

Protectionism is a government policy that restricts imports through tariffs, quotas, or other measures. It is intended to protect domestic industries from foreign competition.

Comparative advantage theory, developed by David Ricardo, suggests that countries should specialize in producing and exporting goods in which they have a comparative advantage, even if they have an absolute advantage in producing other goods.

Economic growth refers to the rate at which an economy's output, typically measured by gross domestic product (GDP), increases over time.

Gross domestic product (GDP) is a common measure of economic growth. It represents the total value of all goods and services produced within a country's borders in a given period.

Inflation refers to a sustained increase in the general price level of goods and services over time, resulting in a decrease in the purchasing power of money.

The Consumer Price Index (CPI) is a common measure of inflation. It tracks the changes in prices paid by consumers for a basket of goods and services.

Unemployment refers to the rate at which workers are unemployed, meaning they are actively seeking work but are unable to find a job.

The unemployment rate is a common measure of unemployment. It represents the percentage of the labor force that is unemployed.

Interventionism refers to a government's policy of intervening in the economy to promote economic growth, address market failures, or achieve other economic goals.

Interventionist economic policy commonly employs various tools, including government spending, taxation, regulation, and public ownership, to influence the economy and achieve desired outcomes.

Contractionary fiscal policy refers to a government's policy of reducing government spending and taxes to reduce aggregate demand and combat inflation.

Monetary policy commonly employs various tools, including open market operations, reserve requirements, and the discount rate, to influence the money supply and interest rates.

Expansionary fiscal policy refers to a government's policy of increasing government spending and reducing taxes to increase aggregate demand and promote economic growth.