Nativism, particularly associated with Noam Chomsky, posits that humans are born with an innate capacity for language, including a universal grammar that underlies all languages.

Noam Chomsky introduced the concept of the LAD, a hypothetical innate mechanism that enables children to acquire language rapidly and effortlessly, despite the complexity of linguistic structures.

Interactionism, represented by scholars like Michael Tomasello, emphasizes the importance of social interaction and input from caregivers and peers in language acquisition.

Lev Vygotsky introduced the concept of the ZPD, which refers to the range of tasks that a learner can perform with assistance but not independently, highlighting the role of social interaction in language development.

Language acquisition refers to the natural process by which humans acquire language, typically starting in infancy and continuing throughout childhood.

Constructivism, associated with scholars like Jean Piaget, emphasizes the active role of the learner in constructing knowledge and understanding, including language.

Language learning refers to the intentional and conscious effort to acquire a language, typically through formal instruction or self-study.

Behaviorism, particularly associated with B.F. Skinner, emphasizes the role of operant conditioning and reinforcement in shaping language behavior.

Eric Lenneberg proposed the 'critical period hypothesis,' suggesting that there is a specific time window, typically during childhood, when language acquisition is most effective and efficient.

Language comprehension refers to the ability to understand spoken or written language, while language production refers to the ability to express oneself through language.

Connectionism, also known as parallel distributed processing, emphasizes the role of neural networks and distributed representations in language acquisition and processing.

Stephen Krashen proposed the 'input hypothesis,' suggesting that language acquisition occurs naturally when learners are exposed to comprehensible input, slightly beyond their current level of proficiency.

Language production refers to the ability to express oneself through language, either spoken or written.

Sociocultural theory, associated with scholars like Lev Vygotsky, emphasizes the role of social and cultural factors, including interactions with others, in language acquisition and development.

Noam Chomsky proposed the 'universal grammar' theory, suggesting that all languages share a common underlying structure, or universal grammar, which facilitates language acquisition.