Conceptualization is the initial stage where the speaker forms a mental representation of the message they want to convey.

A lemma is the base form of a word that is stored in the mental lexicon and activated during language production.

Working memory is responsible for temporarily storing and manipulating information, including the sequence of words that make up the intended message.

Lexical selection is the process of choosing the appropriate words to express the intended message.

Articulatory planning is the process of converting the sequence of words into a sequence of movements of the articulators (e.g., lips, tongue, vocal cords).

Articulation is the process of producing the sounds of speech using the articulators (e.g., lips, tongue, vocal cords).

Prosody is responsible for controlling the rate, volume, and intonation of speech.

Auditory feedback is the primary mechanism that allows speakers to monitor their own speech production.

Broca's area is primarily responsible for language production, including the processes of articulation, grammar, and syntax.

Aphasia is the impairment of language production due to brain damage, typically affecting the ability to understand or produce language.

Broca's aphasia is characterized by difficulty in producing fluent speech, often resulting in short, telegraphic sentences.

Aphasia can also affect language comprehension, depending on the specific brain regions that are damaged.

Wernicke's aphasia is characterized by difficulty in understanding the meaning of words, often resulting in impaired comprehension and production of language.

Anomia is the impairment of word retrieval due to brain damage, often resulting in difficulty finding the right words to express oneself.

Conduction aphasia is characterized by difficulty in repeating words or phrases, often due to damage to the neural pathways connecting Broca's area and Wernicke's area.