Qualia, phenomenal consciousness, and subjective consciousness are all terms used to describe the subjective, conscious experience of a particular sensation.

David Chalmers is a philosopher who is most closely associated with the Higher-Order Thought Theory of consciousness.

According to the Higher-Order Thought Theory, consciousness is a higher-order thought about a lower-order thought.

The main arguments against the Higher-Order Thought Theory include its complexity, its reliance on a false dichotomy between higher-order and lower-order thoughts, and its failure to account for the subjective nature of consciousness.

Metacognition, self-awareness, and reflexivity are all terms used to describe the phenomenon of being able to introspect on one's own thoughts and mental states.

Thomas Nagel argued that qualia are irreducible and cannot be explained in terms of physical processes.

Emergentism is the idea that consciousness is an emergent property of complex physical systems.

David Chalmers argued that consciousness is a fundamental property of the universe and cannot be reduced to physical processes.

Illusionism is the idea that consciousness is an illusion and does not exist.

Daniel Dennett argued that consciousness is a product of evolution and serves an adaptive function.

Materialism, physicalism, and the neurobiological theory of consciousness are all terms used to describe the idea that consciousness is a product of the brain's activity and can be explained in terms of neural processes.

Andy Clark argued that consciousness is a product of the interaction between the brain and the environment.

Enactivism, embodied cognition, and extended consciousness are all terms used to describe the idea that consciousness is a product of the interaction between the brain, the body, and the environment.

Shaun Gallagher argued that consciousness is a product of the interaction between the brain, the body, and the social environment.

Radical enactivism, extended consciousness, and social constructivism are all terms used to describe the idea that consciousness is a product of the interaction between the brain, the body, the environment, and the social environment.