Ecosystem services encompass the wide range of benefits that humans derive from the functioning of natural ecosystems.

Mineral extraction, while valuable, is not considered an ecosystem service as it does not directly stem from the natural functioning of ecosystems.

Ecosystems, particularly wetlands and forests, act as natural filters, removing pollutants and sediments from water sources.

Carbon sequestration, primarily through photosynthesis in forests and oceans, plays a vital role in regulating the Earth's temperature by absorbing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.

Agricultural systems, supported by ecosystems, provide the majority of the food consumed by humans worldwide.

Pollination, facilitated by insects, birds, and other animals, is crucial for the reproduction of many plant species, ensuring the continuation of diverse ecosystems.

Ecosystems, through the decomposition of organic matter by organisms like fungi and bacteria, contribute to the formation and maintenance of fertile soil.

Natural hazard regulation, provided by ecosystems such as wetlands and forests, helps mitigate the impacts of floods and erosion.

Ecosystems, through outdoor activities like hiking, camping, and birdwatching, provide recreational opportunities that contribute to human well-being and mental health.

Biodiversity, the variety of life forms within ecosystems, is essential for maintaining the genetic diversity of plant and animal species.

Ecosystems, particularly through photosynthesis in plants and algae, contribute to the production of oxygen, a vital gas for life on Earth.

Habitat provision, offered by ecosystems like coral reefs and mangrove forests, is crucial for the survival of aquatic organisms, providing shelter, breeding grounds, and food sources.

Nutrient cycling, facilitated by ecosystems, involves the transformation and movement of nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus, making them available for use by plants and other organisms.

Habitat provision, offered by ecosystems like forests and wetlands, is essential for the survival of many bird species, providing nesting sites, food sources, and shelter.

Natural pest regulation, provided by ecosystems, involves the control of pest populations through natural mechanisms, such as predation and parasitism.