The Fisher Equation is expressed as i = r + π, where i is the nominal interest rate, r is the real interest rate, and π is the expected inflation rate.

Using the Fisher Equation, i = r + π, we can solve for the real interest rate: r = i - π. Substituting the given values, we get r = 5% - 2% = 3%.

The Fisher Effect posits that an increase in the expected inflation rate leads to an increase in the nominal interest rate to compensate for the loss of purchasing power caused by inflation. This ensures that the real interest rate remains relatively stable.

The real interest rate is influenced by a combination of factors, including central bank policies, economic growth prospects, and inflation expectations. Central banks can adjust interest rates to influence the real interest rate, while economic growth prospects and inflation expectations can also affect the demand for and supply of loanable funds.

In the long run, the real interest rate is primarily determined by the rate of technological progress, the rate of population growth, and the rate of capital accumulation. These factors affect the productivity of capital and labor, which in turn influence the demand for and supply of loanable funds and ultimately determine the real interest rate.

A negative real interest rate implies that the return on savings is lower than the rate of inflation. This discourages saving and encourages investment, as individuals and businesses are incentivized to borrow money at a low cost to invest in productive assets.

To calculate the expected inflation rate using the Fisher Equation, we subtract the real interest rate from the nominal interest rate: π = i - r. This gives us the expected rate of inflation over the period for which the interest rates are stated.

A significant increase in the real interest rate can lead to reduced investment, increased saving, and lower inflation. However, it is unlikely to directly lead to higher economic growth. In fact, it may have a negative impact on economic growth by discouraging investment and consumption.

The Fisher Equation assumes that inflation expectations are rational and unbiased, meaning that individuals and businesses accurately forecast the future rate of inflation. This assumption is crucial for the equation to hold true.

If the expected inflation rate is higher than the nominal interest rate, it means that the nominal interest rate is not keeping up with inflation. As a result, the real interest rate, which is the nominal interest rate minus the expected inflation rate, becomes negative.

The Fisher Equation is named after Irving Fisher, an American economist who developed the equation in the early 20th century. Fisher's work on monetary economics and the relationship between interest rates and inflation had a profound impact on economic thought.

The Fisher Equation is a useful tool for understanding the relationship between interest rates and inflation, despite its limitations. It provides a theoretical framework for analyzing how changes in inflation expectations and nominal interest rates affect the real interest rate and economic decision-making.

The Fisher Equation can be used to forecast inflation, determine the real interest rate, and analyze the impact of monetary policy. It is a versatile tool that provides insights into the relationship between interest rates, inflation, and economic decision-making.

The Fisher Equation is relevant for central banks, investors, and businesses. Central banks use it to understand the impact of monetary policy on inflation and interest rates. Investors use it to make informed decisions about their investments, considering the effects of inflation and real interest rates. Businesses use it to analyze the cost of borrowing and the potential returns on their investments.

The Fisher Equation has been criticized for its reliance on rational expectations, its assumption of constant real interest rates, and its limited applicability in the short run. These criticisms highlight the challenges in accurately forecasting inflation and the complexities of the relationship between interest rates and inflation in the real world.