Physicalism is a philosophical school of thought that posits that all reality is composed of physical matter and energy, and that all mental phenomena are ultimately reducible to physical processes.

Materialism asserts that matter is the fundamental building block of reality, and that all other phenomena, including mental phenomena, are ultimately reducible to physical processes.

Thomas Hobbes is often considered to be the father of modern materialism due to his influential work, \"Leviathan,\" in which he argued that all reality is composed of matter in motion.

The problem of qualia, or the subjective experience of consciousness, is a major challenge to materialism, as it is difficult to explain how physical processes can give rise to subjective experiences.

George Berkeley argued that physical objects are nothing more than collections of sense data, and that the material world is ultimately dependent on the mind for its existence.

Physicalism and dualism are two opposing philosophical schools of thought that differ in their views on the nature of reality. Physicalism asserts that all reality is composed of physical matter, while dualism asserts that reality is composed of both physical matter and mental substance.

René Descartes argued that the mind is an immaterial substance that interacts with the physical body through the pineal gland.

The main criticism of dualism is that it is not parsimonious, as it posits the existence of two fundamentally different substances, physical matter and mental substance, to explain reality.

David Hume argued that the mind is nothing more than a collection of mental states, and that there is no such thing as a substantial self.

Materialism and idealism are two opposing philosophical schools of thought that differ in their views on the nature of reality. Materialism asserts that all reality is composed of physical matter, while idealism asserts that all reality is composed of mental substance.

George Berkeley argued that the material world is ultimately dependent on the mind for its existence, and that physical objects are nothing more than collections of sense data.

The main criticism of idealism is that it is not parsimonious, as it posits the existence of only one fundamental substance, mental substance, to explain reality.

John Locke argued that the mind is an emergent property of the brain, and that mental phenomena are ultimately reducible to physical processes.

Physicalism and property dualism are two opposing philosophical schools of thought that differ in their views on the nature of reality. Physicalism asserts that all reality is composed of physical matter, while property dualism asserts that reality is composed of both physical matter and mental properties.

René Descartes argued that the mind is a non-physical entity that interacts with the physical body through the pineal gland.