Sterilization aims to completely eliminate all forms of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and spores, from a substance or surface.

Autoclaving is a sterilization method that utilizes high pressure (typically 15-20 psi) and high temperature (typically 121-134°C) to kill microorganisms.

Pasteurization is a heat treatment process that aims to reduce the population of harmful microorganisms in milk and other beverages while preserving their nutritional value and flavor.

Filtration is a sterilization method that involves passing a liquid or gas through a filter with pores small enough to trap microorganisms, effectively removing them from the substance.

Radiation sterilization works by damaging the DNA of microorganisms, preventing their replication and causing cell death.

Alcoholic fermentation is a type of fermentation in which microorganisms, such as yeast, convert sugars into ethanol (alcohol) and carbon dioxide.

Lactic acid fermentation is a type of fermentation in which microorganisms, such as lactic acid bacteria, convert sugars into lactic acid.

Acetic acid fermentation is a type of fermentation in which microorganisms, such as acetic acid bacteria, convert ethanol into acetic acid (vinegar).

Microorganisms play a crucial role in fermentation processes by converting sugars into various products, including ethanol, lactic acid, and acetic acid.

Yogurt is produced through lactic acid fermentation, where microorganisms convert lactose (sugar in milk) into lactic acid, resulting in the characteristic tangy flavor and texture.

Propionic acid fermentation is a type of fermentation in which microorganisms, such as propionic acid bacteria, convert sugars into propionic acid.

Sauerkraut is produced through lactic acid fermentation, where microorganisms convert the sugars in cabbage into lactic acid, resulting in the characteristic sour flavor and preservation of the vegetable.

Fermentation plays a multifaceted role in antibiotic production, including supporting the growth and production of antibiotic-producing microorganisms, converting antibiotic molecules into more stable forms, and purifying them from impurities.

Kombucha is produced through mixed fermentation, involving a combination of lactic acid fermentation, acetic acid fermentation, and alcoholic fermentation, resulting in a unique blend of flavors and beneficial compounds.

Alcoholic fermentation is a type of fermentation in which microorganisms, such as yeast, convert sugars into ethanol (alcohol) and carbon dioxide.