Qualia are the subjective, conscious experiences of the world, such as the taste of coffee or the feeling of pain.

Behaviorism is a psychological theory that focuses on observable behavior and rejects the idea of qualia.

Behaviorists believe that the primary focus of psychology should be on observable behavior, rather than mental states, conscious experiences, or cognitive processes.

Thomas Nagel is a philosopher who is most closely associated with the idea of qualia. His famous article 'What is it like to be a bat?' explores the idea that qualia are subjective and cannot be fully understood by someone who does not have those experiences.

The hard problem of consciousness is the problem of explaining how physical processes in the brain can give rise to subjective, conscious experiences. It is considered to be one of the most difficult problems in philosophy.

John B. Watson was a behaviorist who argued that all behavior is a response to environmental stimuli. He believed that psychology should focus on observable behavior and that mental states are not relevant to understanding behavior.

Eliminative materialism is the idea that mental states are not real and that all behavior can be explained by physical processes in the brain. It is a controversial position that has been criticized by many philosophers.

David Chalmers is a philosopher who has argued that qualia are irreducible and cannot be explained by physical processes. He believes that qualia are a fundamental aspect of reality and that they cannot be reduced to anything else.

Eliminative materialism is the idea that qualia are not real and that all conscious experiences are simply physical processes in the brain. It is a controversial position that has been criticized by many philosophers.

B.F. Skinner was a behaviorist who argued that all behavior is shaped by reinforcement and punishment. He believed that psychology should focus on observable behavior and that mental states are not relevant to understanding behavior.

Dualism is the idea that mental states are real and that they play a causal role in behavior. It is a controversial position that has been criticized by many philosophers.

Thomas Nagel is a philosopher who has argued that qualia are real and that they are essential for consciousness. He believes that qualia are subjective and cannot be fully understood by someone who does not have those experiences.

Identity theory is the idea that qualia are real and that they are identical to physical processes in the brain. It is a controversial position that has been criticized by many philosophers.

Ivan Pavlov was a behaviorist who argued that all behavior is learned through association. He is best known for his work on classical conditioning, in which he showed that dogs could learn to associate the sound of a bell with the presentation of food.

Dualism is the idea that mental states are real and that they are distinct from physical processes in the brain. It is a controversial position that has been criticized by many philosophers.