Vehicular emissions, particularly from diesel vehicles, are the major contributor to air pollution in urban areas in India.

Deforestation due to urbanization leads to loss of biodiversity, increased soil erosion, and reduced carbon sequestration, but it does not improve air quality.

Urbanization often leads to increased water scarcity due to factors such as population growth, increased water demand, and contamination of water sources.

Household consumption, including packaging materials, food waste, and other discarded items, is the major source of solid waste generation in urban areas in India.

While promoting sustainable transportation, encouraging energy efficiency, and implementing strict environmental regulations are strategies to mitigate the environmental impact of urbanization, expanding urban green spaces is not directly related to this goal.

Urbanization typically leads to increased greenhouse gas emissions due to higher energy consumption, transportation activities, and industrial processes.

Urban sprawl typically leads to increased travel distances, loss of agricultural land, and increased energy consumption, but it does not necessarily reduce air pollution.

Urbanization often leads to reduced biodiversity due to habitat loss, fragmentation, and pollution.

Domestic sewage discharge, including untreated wastewater from households and commercial establishments, is the major contributor to water pollution in urban areas in India.

Expanding urban sprawl is not a strategy to promote sustainable urbanization, as it leads to increased environmental and social challenges.

Urbanization typically leads to an increased urban heat island effect due to the presence of concrete and asphalt surfaces, which absorb and retain heat.

Increased solid waste generation in urban areas typically leads to increased landfill space requirements, increased risk of disease transmission, and air pollution, but it does not enhance soil fertility.

Urbanization often leads to increased runoff and flooding due to the presence of impervious surfaces, such as roads and buildings, which prevent water infiltration.

While promoting electric vehicles, encouraging walking and cycling, and implementing strict vehicle emission standards are strategies to reduce air pollution in urban areas, expanding urban green spaces is not directly related to this goal.

Urbanization typically leads to increased demand for energy due to population growth, economic activity, and the need for infrastructure and services.