Realism is a philosophical school that asserts the existence of universals independently of particulars. It posits that universals, such as properties, qualities, and concepts, have an objective reality and exist outside of the mind.

Nominalism maintains that universals are merely names or linguistic conventions used to refer to collections of particulars. It denies the independent existence of universals and views them as products of human language and thought.

Instantiation is the relationship between a universal and its instances. It refers to the fact that a universal can be instantiated in multiple particulars. For example, the universal 'redness' can be instantiated in various red objects.

Conceptualism posits that universals exist in the mind as concepts or mental representations. It asserts that universals are derived from experience and are formed through abstraction and generalization from particulars.

The philosophical inquiry into universals and particulars delves into the fundamental nature of reality. It seeks to understand the relationship between general concepts and specific entities and the ontological status of both.

Nominalism is the philosophical position that denies the existence of universals. It maintains that only particulars, or individual entities, exist and that universals are mere names or labels used to refer to collections of particulars.

Abstraction is the process of forming general concepts from particulars. It involves identifying common features or characteristics among particulars and grouping them together under a universal concept.

Realism is the philosophical position that posits the existence of universals independently of particulars. It maintains that universals have an objective reality and exist outside of the mind.

The argument from particulars is a primary argument against the existence of universals, as proposed by nominalism. It asserts that universals cannot exist independently of particulars because they are always instantiated in particulars. If universals were independent, they would exist without any instances, which is considered problematic.

Conceptualism is the philosophical position that asserts that universals are real entities but exist only in the mind. It posits that universals are mental concepts or representations that are formed through abstraction from particulars.

Exemplification is the relationship between a particular and the universal that it instantiates. It refers to the fact that a particular embodies or exemplifies a universal. For example, a particular red object exemplifies the universal 'redness'.

Nominalism is the philosophical school of thought that emphasizes the importance of particulars and their unique characteristics. It asserts that only particulars exist and that universals are merely names or labels used to refer to collections of particulars.

Subsumption is the process of applying a universal concept to a particular instance. It involves recognizing that a particular instance falls under a certain universal category or concept.

Conceptualism is the philosophical position that asserts that universals are mental constructs that are formed through abstraction from particulars. It posits that universals are not real entities but rather concepts or representations that exist in the mind.

Participation is the relationship between a universal and the particulars that instantiate it. It refers to the fact that particulars partake in or share in the universal. For example, all red objects participate in the universal 'redness'.