All-purpose flour is a versatile type of flour that is suitable for a wide range of baking purposes, including cookies and biscuits. It contains a moderate amount of protein, which gives baked goods a chewy texture.

Butter or margarine is used in cookies and biscuits to bind the ingredients together and create a smooth, cohesive dough. It also contributes to the flavor and texture of the baked goods.

Granulated sugar is the most common type of sugar used in cookies and biscuits. It is a white, crystalline sugar that provides sweetness and helps to create a crispy texture.

Eggs are added to cookies and biscuits to provide structure and help bind the ingredients together. They also contribute to the flavor and texture of the baked goods.

Baking soda is a common type of leavening agent used in cookies and biscuits. It reacts with an acidic ingredient, such as buttermilk or lemon juice, to produce carbon dioxide gas, which causes the baked goods to rise.

Chilling cookie dough before baking helps to prevent the cookies from spreading too much in the oven. The cold dough is less likely to spread as it bakes, resulting in thicker, chewier cookies.

Semi-sweet chocolate is a common type of chocolate used in cookies and biscuits. It has a balanced flavor that is not too sweet or too bitter, making it a versatile choice for baking.

Nuts are often added to cookies and biscuits to add flavor, provide texture, and enhance the nutritional value of the baked goods. They can also add a touch of crunch and visual appeal.

Raisins are a common type of dried fruit used in cookies and biscuits. They add a sweet, chewy texture and a pop of flavor to the baked goods.

Spices are often added to cookies and biscuits to enhance the flavor, add warmth and depth, and create a unique aroma. Common spices used in baking include cinnamon, nutmeg, ginger, and cloves.

Vanilla extract is a common type of extract used in cookies and biscuits. It adds a sweet, warm flavor and aroma to the baked goods.

Oats are often added to cookies and biscuits to add texture, provide a nutty flavor, and increase the fiber content of the baked goods.

Chocolate chips are a common type of candy used in cookies and biscuits. They add a sweet, chocolatey flavor and a chewy texture to the baked goods.

Frosting or icing is often added to cookies and biscuits to add sweetness, enhance the flavor, and create a decorative appearance. It can also help to keep the baked goods moist and fresh.

Sugar glaze is a common type of glaze used on cookies and biscuits. It is made from a mixture of sugar and water or milk, and it adds a sweet, shiny coating to the baked goods.