The Supreme Court is the highest court in Papua New Guinea and has the final say on all legal matters.

The Court of Appeal hears appeals from the National Court and is the second highest court in Papua New Guinea.

The National Court hears appeals from the District Court and is the first level of appeal in the Papua New Guinea court system.

The National Court hears appeals from the Land and Titles Court and is the first level of appeal for land and title disputes.

The time limit for filing an appeal in Papua New Guinea is 21 days from the date of the decision being appealed.

The procedure for filing an appeal in Papua New Guinea involves filing a notice of appeal, serving a copy on the other party, and filing a statement of grounds of appeal.

The grounds for appealing a decision in Papua New Guinea include error of law, error of fact, and miscarriage of justice.

The role of the appellant in an appeal is to argue that the decision of the lower court was wrong, to present evidence to support their case, and to cross-examine the witnesses of the other party.

The role of the respondent in an appeal is to defend the decision of the lower court, to present evidence to support their case, and to cross-examine the witnesses of the appellant.

The outcome of an appeal in Papua New Guinea can be that the decision of the lower court is upheld, overturned, or the case is sent back to the lower court for a new trial.

Stare decisis is the principle that courts should follow the decisions of higher courts in similar cases. It ensures that the law is applied consistently, prevents the courts from overturning their own decisions, and promotes judicial independence.

The Public Solicitor is a government agency that provides legal representation to appellants who cannot afford a lawyer.

The Attorney General is the chief legal adviser to the government and represents the government in appeals. They also provide legal advice to the courts and prosecute criminal appeals.

The Papua New Guinea appellate system faces a number of challenges, including lack of resources, delays in the justice process, and lack of access to legal representation.

A number of reforms have been proposed to address the challenges facing the Papua New Guinea appellate system, including increasing funding for the courts, streamlining the appeals process, and expanding access to legal representation.