Black individuals are disproportionately represented in the criminal justice system, facing higher rates of arrest, conviction, and incarceration compared to other racial groups.

Racial discrimination in parole and probation refers to the unfair treatment of individuals based on their race or ethnicity, leading to disparate outcomes in the criminal justice system.

The Eighth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution protects individuals from excessive bail, excessive fines, and cruel and unusual punishment.

The primary goal of parole and probation is to rehabilitate offenders and reduce recidivism by providing support and supervision during the transition back into society.

The Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibits discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin in programs and activities receiving federal financial assistance.

Racial profiling refers to the practice of law enforcement targeting individuals based on their race or ethnicity, leading to disproportionate stops, searches, and arrests.

Brown v. Board of Education (1954) established the principle of equal protection under the law, prohibiting discrimination based on race or national origin in public schools.

Parole is the practice of releasing individuals from prison before the completion of their sentence, subject to certain conditions, such as supervision and compliance with specific requirements.

The Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibits discrimination in employment based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.

Probation is the practice of supervising individuals who have been convicted of a crime but are not incarcerated, subject to certain conditions, such as regular reporting to a probation officer and compliance with specific requirements.

The Thirteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution prohibits slavery and involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime.

Commutation is the practice of reducing or eliminating a criminal sentence, typically granted by the President or a state governor.

The Fair Housing Act prohibits discrimination in housing based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.

Pardon is the practice of granting a full and unconditional release from punishment for a crime, typically granted by the President or a state governor.

The Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibits discrimination in public accommodations based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.