David Chalmers coined the term 'hard problem of consciousness' to refer to the challenge of explaining how physical processes give rise to subjective experience.

Qualia refers to the subjective, intrinsic properties of conscious experience, such as the taste of coffee or the feeling of pain.

Materialism asserts that consciousness is a product of physical processes in the brain and denies the existence of non-physical entities like the soul.

Free Will refers to the idea that individuals have the ability to make choices and act independently, without being predetermined by external factors.

Daniel Dennett proposed the 'higher-order thought theory' of consciousness, suggesting that consciousness is a complex cognitive process that involves monitoring and reporting on other mental states.

Self-Awareness refers to the ability of conscious beings to be aware of their own mental states, including their thoughts, feelings, and experiences.

Giulio Tononi proposed the 'integrated information theory' of consciousness, which suggests that consciousness arises from the integration of information within complex systems.

Phenomenal Consciousness refers to the subjective, qualitative aspect of conscious experience, such as the taste of coffee or the feeling of pain.

Roger Penrose proposed the 'orchestrated objective reduction' theory of consciousness, suggesting that consciousness is a fundamental property of the universe and not just a product of complex brain processes.

Access Consciousness refers to the ability of conscious beings to access and manipulate information in their conscious awareness, such as memories, thoughts, and beliefs.

Alfred North Whitehead proposed the 'panpsychism' theory of consciousness, which suggests that consciousness is a fundamental property of all matter and not just complex brain processes.

Metacognition refers to the ability of conscious beings to reflect on their own thoughts, feelings, and experiences, including their own cognitive processes.

Maurice Merleau-Ponty proposed the 'phenomenology of perception' theory of consciousness, suggesting that consciousness is a product of social interactions and cultural practices.

Rationality refers to the ability of conscious beings to make judgments and decisions based on their conscious awareness, including their beliefs, values, and goals.

Francisco Varela proposed the 'enactive approach' to consciousness, which suggests that consciousness arises from the dynamic interactions between an organism and its environment.