The primary function of a railway track is to provide a smooth and stable surface for trains to run on, ensuring safe and efficient movement of passengers and goods.

Flat-bottomed rails are widely used in modern railway tracks due to their ease of installation, maintenance, and ability to withstand heavy loads.

Sleepers, also known as ties, are used to support the rails and distribute the load of the train evenly across the track, ensuring stability and preventing excessive deflection.

Ballast is the layer of crushed rock or gravel placed beneath the railway track to provide drainage, distribute the load of the train, and maintain the track's stability.

Railway signaling systems are designed to control the movement of trains and prevent collisions by providing train drivers with information about the status of the track ahead, ensuring safe and orderly operation.

Computer-based signaling systems are widely adopted in modern railways due to their reliability, flexibility, and ability to integrate various signaling functions into a centralized control system.

Railway turnouts, also known as switches or points, are used to allow trains to change tracks, enabling flexible routing and efficient movement of trains within a railway network.

Authorized speed is the maximum permissible speed of a train on a particular section of track, determined by factors such as track conditions, signaling systems, and safety regulations.

Railway stations serve multiple functions, including providing a place for passengers to board and alight trains, handling the loading and unloading of freight, and acting as hubs for railway operations and management.

Interstation distance refers to the distance between two consecutive railway stations along a railway line.

Slab track is a type of railway track designed to handle high-speed trains, featuring concrete slabs that support the rails and provide a smooth and stable running surface.

Railway bridges are constructed to allow trains to cross rivers, valleys, or other obstacles, ensuring continuous and efficient movement of trains along a railway line.

Bored tunnels are commonly used in mountainous areas for railway construction, involving the excavation of a tunnel through rock or soil using specialized tunneling equipment.

The traction power supply system is responsible for providing electricity to electric trains, typically through overhead catenary systems or third rail systems.

Pneumatic brakes are widely used in modern trains, utilizing compressed air to apply braking force to the wheels, providing effective and reliable braking performance.