In the early days of Indian cinema, women were frequently depicted as submissive and dependent on men. They were often portrayed as housewives or mothers, with limited agency and autonomy.

The objectification of women in Indian films is influenced by a combination of cultural norms, societal expectations, the male gaze, patriarchal attitudes, and the desire to appeal to a male audience.

The modern, independent woman is a relatively recent stereotype in Indian films and is not as prevalent as the sacrificing mother, the damsel in distress, and the vamp.

The emergence of female directors and writers in Indian cinema has brought about more authentic and nuanced portrayals of women, increased opportunities for women in the film industry, and a shift towards more feminist narratives.

Mother India (1957) is widely regarded as a landmark film in the portrayal of women in Indian cinema. It features a strong and independent female protagonist who challenges traditional gender roles and societal norms.

The Bechdel Test is a measure of gender representation in films. It assesses whether a film features at least two women who talk to each other about something other than a man.

Gangubai Kathiawadi (2022) is the only film among the given options that passed the Bechdel Test. It features several scenes where women talk to each other about various topics, including their lives, struggles, and aspirations.

The portrayal of women in Indian films has a profound impact on gender stereotypes, societal attitudes, the self-perception and aspirations of women, and the way women are treated in society.

Kangana Ranaut is known for her portrayal of strong and independent female characters in films such as Queen (2014), Tanu Weds Manu Returns (2015), and Panga (2020).

The #MeToo movement in India has brought about increased awareness of sexual harassment and assault in the film industry, encouraged more women to come forward and share their experiences, and resulted in action being taken against perpetrators of sexual misconduct.

Dangal (2016) is a film that addresses the issue of female infanticide and the importance of empowering girls. It tells the story of a wrestler who trains his daughters to become world-class wrestlers, defying societal norms and expectations.

The portrayal of women in Indian films is shaped by a combination of cultural values and traditions, social and political factors, and economic conditions.

Mahanagar (1963) is regarded as a feminist classic in Indian cinema. It tells the story of a young woman who breaks free from societal expectations and pursues a career, challenging traditional gender roles.

The portrayal of women in Indian films has evolved due to a combination of changing societal attitudes and values, the influence of Western cinema, and the rise of social media and digital platforms.

Queen (2014) features a female protagonist, played by Kangana Ranaut, who breaks free from societal norms and expectations by embarking on a solo honeymoon trip after her fiancé calls off their wedding.