Healthcare economics aims to allocate resources efficiently to achieve the best possible health outcomes for a given population.

Managed care systems, such as health maintenance organizations (HMOs), provide healthcare services to members through a network of contracted providers. Members have the freedom to choose providers within the network, and providers compete for members by offering competitive prices and quality care.

A deductible is a fixed amount that the insured person must pay out-of-pocket before the insurance company starts covering the costs of healthcare services. This is intended to discourage unnecessary or excessive use of healthcare services.

The principle of autonomy emphasizes the importance of respecting the patient's right to make decisions about their own healthcare. This includes the right to refuse treatment, even if it is recommended by a healthcare professional.

Universal healthcare aims to ensure that everyone has access to the healthcare services they need, regardless of their ability to pay.

In a single-payer system, the government is the sole payer for healthcare services. This means that all healthcare providers are reimbursed by the government, and patients do not have to pay out-of-pocket costs for their care.

A copayment is a fixed amount that the insured person must pay for each healthcare service they receive. This is intended to reduce the cost of premiums for health insurance.

The principle of non-maleficence emphasizes the importance of avoiding harm to patients. This includes not only avoiding actions that could directly harm the patient, but also avoiding actions that could indirectly harm the patient, such as withholding necessary treatment.

Cost-effectiveness analysis is a method for evaluating the value of healthcare interventions by comparing their costs and benefits. The goal is to identify interventions that provide the greatest benefit for a given cost.

In a capitation system, healthcare providers receive a fixed monthly fee for each patient they are responsible for, regardless of the number of services the patient uses. This encourages providers to provide preventive care and manage patients' health proactively.

A coinsurance is a percentage of the cost of healthcare services that the insured person must pay out-of-pocket. This is intended to share the cost of healthcare services between the insured person and the insurance company.

The principle of justice emphasizes the importance of fairness and equity in healthcare. This includes ensuring that everyone has equal access to healthcare services, regardless of their ability to pay, and that healthcare resources are distributed fairly.

Health technology assessment is a process for evaluating the effectiveness, cost-effectiveness, and safety of new healthcare technologies. The goal is to inform decision-makers about whether or not to adopt new technologies into clinical practice.

In a managed care system, patients pay a fixed annual fee for a defined set of healthcare services. This fee covers the cost of preventive care, primary care, and specialty care. Patients may have to pay additional fees for services that are not covered by the plan.

A health savings account (HSA) is a tax-advantaged savings account that can be used to pay for qualified medical expenses. HSAs are typically paired with high-deductible health insurance plans. The goal is to encourage patients to save for future healthcare expenses and to use their healthcare dollars more wisely.