Tissue engineering aims to develop biological substitutes that can restore, maintain, or improve tissue function.

Tissue engineering involves the combination of biomaterials, stem cells, and growth factors to create new tissues.

Biomaterials serve as a temporary framework for cell growth, deliver essential nutrients and growth factors, and guide cell differentiation.

Tissue engineering utilizes various types of stem cells, including embryonic stem cells, adult stem cells, and iPSCs, depending on the specific application.

Reprogramming is the process of converting adult cells into iPSCs by introducing specific factors that reset their developmental potential.

Embryonic stem cell research faces ethical concerns, potential for tumor formation, and limited availability due to the destruction of embryos.

Composite scaffolds, combining different materials, are often used in bone tissue engineering to provide both structural support and biological cues.

Growth factors play a crucial role in regulating cell proliferation, differentiation, and migration, guiding the formation of new tissues.

Cell transplantation involves the direct injection or implantation of cells into the body, without the use of a scaffold.

Decellularized ECM scaffolds offer a natural environment for cell growth, promote cell migration and differentiation, and reduce the risk of immune rejection.

3D bioprinting is a tissue engineering technique that uses 3D printing technology to create scaffolds with precise architecture and controlled release of bioactive factors.

Vascular tissue engineering aims to create new blood vessels to treat conditions such as heart disease and stroke.

Natural polymers, such as collagen and fibrin, are often used in cardiovascular tissue engineering due to their biocompatibility and ability to promote cell growth.

Engineering functional heart tissue poses several challenges, including creating a suitable scaffold, ensuring proper electrical coupling of cardiomyocytes, and preventing scar tissue formation.

Gene-edited tissue engineering involves modifying cells using gene therapy techniques before transplantation to improve their function or reduce the risk of rejection.