The Areopagus was the highest criminal court in ancient Athens, responsible for trying cases of murder and other serious crimes.

The Praetor was a Roman magistrate who had judicial authority and presided over criminal trials.

The Qin Code was a comprehensive legal code that was compiled during the Qin dynasty in China and was known for its harsh punishments.

The vizier was the chief justice in ancient Egypt and was responsible for overseeing the administration of justice.

The Arthashastra is an ancient Indian legal text that covers a wide range of topics, including law, politics, economics, and military strategy.

The Code of Hammurabi is one of the oldest and most well-known law codes in history and was compiled by King Hammurabi of Babylon.

Graphai Paranomon was an ancient Greek legal principle that allowed a defendant to challenge the validity of a law before a court.

Appellatio was a Roman legal principle that allowed a citizen to appeal a lower court's decision to a higher court.

The Jade Rule was an ancient Chinese legal principle that emphasized the importance of resolving disputes through mediation and compromise.

In ancient Egypt, defendants had the right to present evidence in their defense, although the burden of proof was on the defendant.

The Dharma Principle was an ancient Indian legal principle that emphasized the importance of dharma, or righteousness, in legal decision-making.

In ancient Mesopotamia, defendants had the right to confront their accusers in court, although the burden of proof was on the defendant.

In ancient Greece, defendants had the right to be represented by an advocate in court, although the advocate was not necessarily a lawyer.

In ancient Rome, defendants could be released from prison before trial if they could provide a surety, which was a person who promised to pay a fine if the defendant did not appear for trial.

In ancient China, the principle of deterrence was emphasized in legal decision-making, with the goal of punishing criminals severely in order to deter crime.