Gel electrophoresis is a technique used to separate molecules based on their size and charge. It is commonly used to separate DNA, RNA, and proteins.

Spectrophotometry is a technique that measures the absorption of light by molecules. The amount of light absorbed is proportional to the concentration of the molecule in the sample.

Microscopy is a technique that allows for the visualization of cells and tissues at high magnification. It is commonly used in biology to study the structure and function of cells.

Centrifugation is a technique used to separate particles based on their size and density. It is commonly used to separate cells, organelles, and macromolecules.

Mass spectrometry is a technique used to determine the molecular weight of a protein. It works by ionizing the protein and measuring the mass-to-charge ratio of the ions.

Fluorescence spectroscopy is a technique that measures the emission of light by molecules. It is commonly used to study the structure and dynamics of proteins and nucleic acids.

Isothermal titration calorimetry is a technique used to study the interactions between molecules. It measures the heat released or absorbed when two molecules bind to each other.

Circular dichroism spectroscopy is a technique used to determine the secondary structure of proteins. It measures the difference in absorption of left- and right-circularly polarized light by the protein.

Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy is a technique used to study the dynamics of proteins. It provides information about the structure, dynamics, and interactions of proteins in solution.

X-ray crystallography is a technique that uses the diffraction of X-rays by crystals to determine the structure of molecules. It is commonly used to determine the structure of proteins, nucleic acids, and other macromolecules.

Electrophoretic mobility shift assay is a technique used to study the interactions between proteins and nucleic acids. It measures the change in the electrophoretic mobility of a nucleic acid when it binds to a protein.

Surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy is a technique used to study the interactions between molecules. It measures the change in the refractive index of a surface when molecules bind to it.

Small-angle X-ray scattering is a technique used to study the structure of proteins in solution. It provides information about the overall shape and size of the protein.

Atomic force microscopy is a technique that uses a sharp tip to scan a surface. It provides information about the topography of the surface at the nanometer scale.

Cell-cell adhesion assay is a technique used to study the interactions between cells. It measures the strength of the adhesion between two cells.