Chemical control refers to the use of chemical pesticides and herbicides, which is not considered an alternative method in this context.

Ladybugs are natural predators of aphids and other pests, making them a valuable biological control agent.

Crop rotation involves growing different crops in the same area in a sequential manner to disrupt pest life cycles and reduce their populations.

Row covers are physical barriers placed over crops to protect them from pests.

Monitoring pest populations is crucial in IPM to determine the need for pest control interventions and to assess their effectiveness.

Solarization involves covering the soil with a transparent plastic sheet to trap solar heat and raise soil temperatures, which can kill soil-borne pests.

Neem oil is a natural pesticide derived from the neem tree and has insecticidal and antifungal properties.

The sterile insect technique involves releasing sterile insects into a population to mate with wild insects, reducing the production of offspring and suppressing pest populations.

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is a bacterium that produces proteins toxic to certain insects, making it a valuable microbial pesticide.

Mating disruption involves releasing synthetic pheromones into the environment to confuse and disrupt the mating behavior of pests, reducing their reproductive success.

Netting is a physical barrier used to prevent pests from accessing crops or stored products.

Acoustic pest control involves the use of high-frequency sound waves to repel pests, such as rodents and birds.

Crop rotation is a cultural control method used to manage weeds by disrupting their life cycles and reducing their populations.

Botanical pest control involves the use of natural plant extracts, such as neem oil and pyrethrum, to repel or kill pests.

Soil solarization is a physical control method used to manage soil-borne pests by covering the soil with a transparent plastic sheet to trap solar heat and raise soil temperatures, killing the pests.