Recycling metals and alloys aims to achieve multiple objectives, including reducing the demand for virgin materials, minimizing waste generation, and conserving natural resources.

Electrorefining is a widely used process for recycling copper, where impure copper is dissolved and then electrolytically refined to produce pure copper.

Pyrometallurgical recycling processes involve high-temperature treatments to recover metals from scrap materials, such as discarded electronic devices or end-of-life vehicles.

Cyanide leaching is a hydrometallurgical process used to extract gold and silver from ores or recycled materials by dissolving them in a cyanide solution.

Mechanical recycling processes, such as shredding and sorting, are generally more cost-effective compared to other recycling methods, making them widely adopted in the recycling industry.

Vacuum distillation is a process used to recycle zinc from scrap materials by vaporizing the zinc and then condensing it to obtain pure zinc.

The primary challenge in recycling composite materials containing metals lies in the difficulty of separating different materials, such as metals, plastics, and fibers, due to their complex composition.

Closed-loop recycling systems involve recycling materials back into the same product or application, such as recycling aluminum cans into new aluminum cans or recycling steel scrap into new steel products.

Recycling metals and alloys offers multiple environmental benefits, including reduced greenhouse gas emissions, conservation of natural resources, and reduced water consumption.

Hydrometallurgical leaching is a process used to recycle gold from ores or scrap materials by dissolving it in a chemical solution.

Recycling rare earth metals poses several challenges, including their low concentration in ores, the difficulty in separating them from other metals, and the high cost of recycling processes.

Shredding is a mechanical recycling process that involves breaking down scrap metal into smaller pieces, making it easier to sort and process.

Recycling metals and alloys offers multiple advantages over producing them from virgin materials, including reduced energy consumption, lower greenhouse gas emissions, and conservation of natural resources.

Froth flotation is a process used to recycle zinc from ores or scrap materials by separating it from other minerals using a frothing agent.

Recycling metals from electronic waste poses several challenges, including the presence of hazardous materials, the difficulty in dismantling electronic devices, and the low concentration of metals in electronic waste.