DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is the primary molecule studied in molecular anthropology due to its role in carrying genetic information and its stability over time.

Molecular anthropologists employ a combination of PCR, gel electrophoresis, and DNA sequencing to analyze DNA variations and genetic diversity in human populations.

Population genetics focuses on the genetic variation, allele frequencies, and evolutionary forces shaping the genetic makeup of populations.

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is maternally inherited and widely used to study human evolutionary history and genetic relationships due to its high mutation rate and lack of recombination.

Phylogenetics aims to reconstruct the evolutionary relationships and branching patterns among species based on genetic data.

The Y-chromosome is passed down from father to son, making it a valuable tool for tracing paternal lineages and studying human migration patterns.

Paleodemography utilizes genetic data to infer historical population sizes, growth rates, and demographic events that shaped human populations in the past.

Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) are widely used to study genetic diversity and population structure due to their abundance, high information content, and cost-effective genotyping methods.

Molecular adaptation focuses on understanding how genetic variations contribute to the adaptation of human populations to different environments and selective pressures.

Ancient DNA analysis involves extracting and sequencing DNA from archaeological remains to study genetic diversity and evolutionary relationships of extinct species and ancient human populations.

Population genetics focuses on the genetic variation, allele frequencies, and evolutionary forces shaping the genetic makeup of populations.

Short Tandem Repeats (STRs) are highly variable genetic markers used to study genetic relationships among closely related individuals, such as in forensic analysis and paternity testing.

Medical genetics focuses on understanding the genetic factors contributing to human diseases and disorders, including the identification of genetic mutations and variations associated with specific conditions.

Alu insertions are repetitive DNA sequences commonly used to study genetic diversity and population structure in non-human primates due to their high mutation rate and presence in multiple copies throughout the genome.

Molecular evolution focuses on understanding the genetic changes and processes that drive evolutionary changes in populations over time.