Animal experimentation has been practiced since the 17th century, when scientists began using animals to study anatomy, physiology, and disease.

The ethical principle of non-maleficence requires researchers to take steps to minimize harm and suffering to animals during research.

The 3Rs principle in animal research stands for Replace (using non-animal methods whenever possible), Reduce (minimizing the number of animals used), and Refine (improving animal welfare and reducing pain and distress).

The International Council for Laboratory Animal Science (ICLAS) is responsible for setting guidelines and promoting best practices for the ethical use of animals in research.

IACUCs are responsible for reviewing and approving animal research protocols to ensure that they comply with ethical and regulatory standards.

The Animal Welfare Act (AWA) is the primary U.S. law that regulates the use of animals in research, setting standards for their care and treatment.

Transgenic animals are animals that have been genetically modified to carry a gene from another species.

Field studies involve observing and studying animals in their natural habitats.

Meta-analysis involves using statistical methods to combine the results of multiple studies to obtain a more precise estimate of the overall effect.

Clinical trials involve testing the safety and efficacy of new drugs or treatments in humans.

Ecotoxicology involves studying the effects of environmental factors, such as pollutants and climate change, on human health.

Ethology involves studying the behavior of animals, including their social interactions, communication, and mating patterns.

Gerontology involves studying the effects of aging on human health and well-being.

Nutritional epidemiology involves studying the relationship between diet and human health.

Exercise physiology involves studying the effects of physical activity on human health and performance.