Urban heat islands are areas of a city that are significantly warmer than their surrounding rural areas. This is due to a combination of factors, including the presence of buildings and pavement, which absorb and re-emit heat, and the lack of vegetation, which helps to cool the air.

All of the social groups listed are more vulnerable to the effects of urban heat islands. This is because they are more likely to experience health problems that are exacerbated by heat, such as heat stroke and respiratory problems. They are also more likely to live in areas that are more heavily affected by urban heat islands, such as low-income neighborhoods and areas with a lot of pavement.

Urban heat islands can contribute to a variety of health problems, including heat stroke and other heat-related illnesses, respiratory problems, cardiovascular problems, and mental health problems. This is because heat can stress the body and make it more susceptible to these health problems.

All of the measures listed can help to mitigate urban heat islands. Planting more trees and vegetation helps to cool the air and provide shade. Using reflective materials on buildings and pavement helps to reduce the amount of heat that is absorbed and re-emitted. Installing green roofs and cool roofs helps to keep buildings cooler. Increasing the use of public transportation and walking helps to reduce traffic congestion and emissions, which can also contribute to urban heat islands.

All of the policies listed can help to address the relationship between urban heat islands and social vulnerability. Investing in affordable housing in areas that are less affected by urban heat islands helps to reduce the number of people living in areas that are most vulnerable to heat. Providing financial assistance to low-income households for energy efficiency upgrades helps to reduce their energy bills and make their homes more comfortable. Creating green spaces and parks in low-income neighborhoods helps to cool the air and provide places for people to escape the heat. Improving access to public transportation and walking in low-income neighborhoods helps to reduce traffic congestion and emissions, which can also contribute to urban heat islands.