Consumer preferences are not a determinant of a country's comparative advantage, as they do not affect the relative costs of production between countries.

The Heckscher-Ohlin model predicts that countries will export goods that are intensive in their abundant factors of production and import goods that are intensive in their scarce factors of production.

Free trade is generally associated with increased economic growth, as it allows countries to specialize in the production of goods and services in which they have a comparative advantage.

The new trade theory argues that countries can gain from trade even if they do not have a comparative advantage in any good, due to factors such as economies of scale, product differentiation, and increasing returns to scale.

One common argument in favor of protectionist trade policies is the need to protect infant industries, which are new and developing industries that may need temporary protection from foreign competition in order to become established.

The World Trade Organization (WTO) is a multilateral trade agreement that aims to reduce trade barriers between its member countries and promote free trade.

Subsidies are not a type of trade barrier, as they are government payments to domestic producers that can help them compete with foreign producers.

The trade restrictiveness index (TRI) is a measure of the overall restrictiveness of a country's trade policies, taking into account all types of trade barriers.

Economic union is not a type of economic integration, as it is the highest level of economic integration and involves the full integration of economic policies, including a common currency.

The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) is a regional trade agreement between the United States, Mexico, and Canada.

Increased economic growth is not a potential cost of economic integration, as it is one of the main benefits of economic integration.

The trade bias index (TBI) is a measure of the extent to which a country's trade policy is biased towards or against certain sectors of the economy.

Reduced economic growth is not a potential benefit of trade liberalization, as trade liberalization is generally associated with increased economic growth.

The import bias index (IBI) is a measure of the extent to which a country's trade policy is biased towards or against imports.

Increased job opportunities is not a potential cost of trade protectionism, as one of the main arguments in favor of trade protectionism is that it can protect jobs in certain industries.