What is the meaning of life?

What is the nature of reality?

What is the best way to live?

What is the origin of the universe?

Plato

Aristotle

Descartes

Kant

God is the greatest conceivable being, and a greatest conceivable being must exist.

The universe is contingent, and therefore must have a necessary cause, which is God.

The existence of evil is evidence of the existence of God.

The beauty and order of the universe is evidence of the existence of God.

The problem of how universals, such as 'redness' or 'justice', can exist in the world.

The problem of how universals can be known by the human mind.

The problem of how universals can be instantiated in particular objects.

All of the above.

Essence is what a thing is, while existence is that it is.

Essence is the set of properties that necessarily belong to a thing, while existence is the set of properties that contingently belong to a thing.

Essence is the inner nature of a thing, while existence is the outer manifestation of a thing.

All of the above.

Heraclitus

Parmenides

Anaximander

Empedocles

For every event, there is a sufficient reason why it occurs.

For every object, there is a sufficient reason why it exists.

For every property, there is a sufficient reason why it belongs to an object.

All of the above.

A necessary being exists by its own nature, while a contingent being exists by the will of another being.

A necessary being cannot not exist, while a contingent being can not exist.

A necessary being is eternal, while a contingent being is temporal.

All of the above.

Democritus

Leucippus

Epicurus

Lucretius

The problem of how to reconcile the existence of evil with the existence of a benevolent and omnipotent God.

The problem of how to explain the origin of evil in the world.

The problem of how to justify the suffering of innocent people.

All of the above.

A substance is something that exists independently, while an accident is something that depends on a substance for its existence.

A substance is something that has properties, while an accident is a property of a substance.

A substance is something that can change, while an accident is something that cannot change.

All of the above.

George Berkeley

David Hume

Immanuel Kant

Johann Gottlieb Fichte

A priori knowledge is knowledge that is known independently of experience, while a posteriori knowledge is knowledge that is derived from experience.

A priori knowledge is knowledge that is necessary and universal, while a posteriori knowledge is knowledge that is contingent and particular.

A priori knowledge is knowledge that is innate, while a posteriori knowledge is knowledge that is acquired through learning.

All of the above.

Empedocles

Anaximenes

Anaximander

Thales

Monism is the view that there is only one fundamental substance or principle underlying reality, while pluralism is the view that there are many fundamental substances or principles underlying reality.

Monism is the view that reality is ultimately composed of mind or consciousness, while pluralism is the view that reality is ultimately composed of matter.

Monism is the view that reality is ultimately composed of a single substance, while pluralism is the view that reality is ultimately composed of multiple substances.

All of the above.