CRISPR-Cas9, a groundbreaking gene-editing technology, has revolutionized genetic engineering by allowing scientists to make precise changes to DNA sequences. This tool has opened up new avenues for research and therapeutic applications.

While genetic engineering offers a wide range of applications, enhancing human intelligence is currently not a feasible or ethical goal. Genetic engineering primarily focuses on addressing medical conditions, improving agricultural productivity, and developing sustainable energy sources.

Gene therapy involves modifying genes to treat or prevent diseases. It aims to correct faulty genes or introduce functional genes to compensate for defective ones, offering potential cures for genetic disorders and certain diseases.

The ethical concern of creating designer babies, where parents select specific traits for their offspring, raises questions about social inequality, eugenics, and the commodification of human life.

A transgene is a gene that has been transferred from one organism to another through genetic engineering techniques. This transfer allows the recipient organism to express the transgene and potentially gain new traits or characteristics.

Haemophilus influenzae, a bacterium, was the first organism to have its genome successfully sequenced in 1995. This milestone marked a significant advancement in genomics and paved the way for sequencing other genomes, including the human genome.

While genetically modified crops can offer increased crop yield, resistance to pests and diseases, and enhanced nutritional content, they do not necessarily reduce the need for pesticides and herbicides. In fact, some genetically modified crops may require specific pesticides or herbicides designed for their unique traits.

Recombinant DNA technology involves the transfer of genetic material from one organism to another using a vector, such as a plasmid or virus. This technique allows scientists to create organisms with new combinations of genes, enabling the study of gene function and the development of genetically modified organisms.

DNA polymerase is an enzyme that plays a crucial role in genetic engineering by synthesizing new DNA strands. It uses a DNA template to add nucleotides in the correct order, allowing for the replication and amplification of DNA molecules.

Transgenesis is a genetic engineering technique that involves the insertion of a foreign gene into a host organism's genome. This allows the host organism to express the foreign gene and potentially gain new traits or characteristics.

The primary ethical concern associated with the use of gene editing technologies in humans is the risk of creating designer babies, where parents select specific traits for their offspring. This raises questions about social inequality, eugenics, and the commodification of human life.

Gene therapy is a genetic engineering technique that involves the modification of an organism's genes to correct a genetic defect or disease. This can be done by introducing a functional gene to replace a defective one or by repairing the defective gene directly.

Transduction is a genetic engineering technique that involves the transfer of genetic material from one organism to another using a virus. The virus acts as a vector, carrying the genetic material from the donor organism to the recipient organism.

Transformation is a genetic engineering technique that involves the insertion of a foreign gene into a host organism's genome using a plasmid. The plasmid is a small, circular DNA molecule that can carry foreign genes and replicate independently of the host organism's genome.

Genetic modification is a genetic engineering technique that involves the modification of an organism's genes to enhance a desirable trait or characteristic. This can be done by introducing a new gene, modifying an existing gene, or deleting a gene.