Molecular Toxicology aims to understand the mechanisms by which chemicals interact with biological systems and cause adverse effects at the molecular level.

Photosynthesis is a process by which plants use sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen. It is not typically studied in Molecular Toxicology, which focuses on the interactions between chemicals and biological systems.

Absorption refers to the process by which chemicals enter the body through various routes, such as inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact.

Intravenous injection is a direct method of introducing chemicals into the bloodstream, bypassing the absorption process.

Phase I metabolism often involves the addition of functional groups to chemicals, making them more reactive and potentially more toxic.

Hydrolysis is a Phase I metabolism reaction that involves the cleavage of chemical bonds by water molecules.

Water-soluble chemicals are primarily excreted through urine, as they can be easily dissolved and filtered by the kidneys.

Carbohydrates are generally not considered to be primary targets of chemical toxicity, as they are not directly involved in many cellular processes.

Carcinogenicity refers to the ability of a chemical to cause cancer, typically through DNA damage and mutations.

Prostate cancer is typically not associated with chemical exposure, unlike lung cancer, breast cancer, and skin cancer, which have been linked to various environmental and occupational chemicals.

Teratogenicity refers to the ability of a chemical to cause birth defects, typically during embryonic or fetal development.

Down syndrome is typically caused by genetic abnormalities, not chemical exposure. Neural tube defects, cleft lip and palate, and congenital heart defects have been linked to certain chemical exposures during pregnancy.

Neurotoxicity refers to the ability of a chemical to cause damage to the nervous system, including the brain and spinal cord.

Stroke is typically caused by a disruption of blood flow to the brain, not chemical exposure. Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and multiple sclerosis have been linked to certain chemical exposures.

Molecular Toxicology aims to understand how chemicals interact with biological systems and cause adverse effects at the molecular level, in order to develop strategies for preventing and treating chemical toxicity.