Functionalism, pioneered by Bronislaw Malinowski and Radcliffe-Brown, views society as an integrated system where each institution serves a specific function in maintaining social equilibrium.

Practice Theory, associated with Pierre Bourdieu, emphasizes the role of habitus, a system of dispositions and embodied knowledge, in shaping individual and social practices.

Symbolic Interactionism, developed by George Herbert Mead and Erving Goffman, examines how individuals construct meaning through social interaction and shared symbols.

Cultural Materialism, proposed by Marvin Harris, emphasizes the role of material conditions and technological factors in shaping cultural practices and beliefs.

Structuralism, pioneered by Claude Levi-Strauss, examines the underlying structures and patterns that organize cultural phenomena and social relations.

Political Anthropology, a subfield of anthropology, explores the distribution and exercise of power in societies, examining political institutions and processes.

Ritual Theory, associated with Victor Turner and Catherine Bell, examines the significance of rituals in creating and reinforcing social bonds and cultural values.

Postmodern Anthropology, influenced by thinkers like Michel Foucault and Judith Butler, emphasizes the role of individual agency and subjectivity in shaping social and cultural practices.

Historical Anthropology, a subfield of anthropology, examines the relationship between culture and history, exploring how social and cultural practices are shaped by historical events and processes.

Participant Observation, a key method in anthropology, involves immersing oneself in a community or group to observe and participate in their daily lives, gaining firsthand insights into their culture and practices.

Linguistic Anthropology, a subfield of anthropology, explores the relationship between language, culture, and society, examining how language shapes social interactions, cultural values, and worldviews.

Marxist Anthropology, influenced by Karl Marx's theories, examines the relationship between economic structures, social classes, and cultural practices, exploring how power relations shape cultural hegemony and social inequality.

Kinship Theory, a subfield of anthropology, explores the social and cultural significance of kinship relations, examining how kinship systems shape family structures, social networks, and cultural practices.

Cultural relativism is a fundamental principle in anthropology that recognizes the diversity of cultural practices and values, emphasizing the need to understand them within their own cultural context, rather than judging them based on external standards.

Postmodern Anthropology, influenced by thinkers like Michel Foucault and Judith Butler, emphasizes the fluidity and contested nature of culture, viewing it as a dynamic process shaped by power relations and individual agency.