Humanists sought to revive the study of classical Greek and Roman literature and philosophy, believing that it held valuable insights into human nature and society.

Desiderius Erasmus was a Dutch humanist who criticized the abuses within the Catholic Church and advocated for a return to the original teachings of Christianity.

The Protestant Reformation aimed to reform the Catholic Church by addressing perceived abuses and corruption, such as the sale of indulgences and the accumulation of wealth by the clergy.

Martin Luther is widely regarded as the father of the Protestant Reformation due to his Ninety-Five Theses, which criticized the Catholic Church and sparked a religious movement.

The Ninety-Five Theses were a series of propositions written by Martin Luther in 1517, criticizing the Catholic Church's practices, particularly the sale of indulgences.

The Protestant Reformation emphasized several key principles, including Sola Scriptura (Scripture alone), Sola Fide (faith alone), Sola Gratia (grace alone), and the priesthood of all believers.

Calvinism is a branch of Protestantism that originated from the teachings of John Calvin, emphasizing the sovereignty of God, the depravity of humanity, and the importance of predestination.

The Protestant Reformation gained significant traction in several countries, including Germany, Switzerland, France, and England, leading to the establishment of Protestant churches and the spread of new religious ideas.

The French Wars of Religion were a series of conflicts between Catholics and Protestants in France during the 16th century, resulting in significant political and religious turmoil.

The Protestant Reformation had several significant outcomes, including the rise of religious pluralism, the end of the Holy Roman Empire, and the establishment of the Church of England, among other changes.

The Council of Trent was a series of meetings held by the Catholic Church in response to the Protestant Reformation, aiming to address theological controversies and reform the Church's practices.

Henry VIII, Thomas Cranmer, and Elizabeth I were key figures in the English Reformation, playing significant roles in the establishment of the Church of England and the separation from the Catholic Church.

The Act of Supremacy, passed in 1534, established the Church of England as an independent entity, with the king as its supreme head, and marked a significant step in the English Reformation.

The Protestant Reformation had several significant consequences, including the rise of capitalism, the decline of feudalism, and the spread of literacy, among other changes.

Pietism was a religious movement that emerged within Protestantism, emphasizing the importance of personal religious experience, individual interpretation of the Bible, and a focus on practical Christian living.