The Refugee Convention, adopted in 1951, is the primary international legal instrument that defines the rights of refugees and establishes the legal framework for their protection.

According to the Refugee Convention, a refugee is a person who is outside their country of nationality or habitual residence and is unable or unwilling to return due to a well-founded fear of persecution based on race, religion, nationality, political opinion, or membership in a particular social group.

The main principles of refugee law are non-discrimination, non-refoulement (the principle of not returning refugees to a country where they face persecution), and the right to seek asylum.

Statelessness is the condition of being without a nationality. Stateless persons are not recognized as nationals by any state and are therefore denied the rights and protections that are accorded to citizens.

The main causes of statelessness are discrimination, state succession, and armed conflict. Discrimination can lead to the denial of nationality to certain groups of people, while state succession can result in people becoming stateless if their territory is transferred to another state. Armed conflict can also lead to statelessness, as people may be forced to flee their country and may not be able to return due to ongoing violence or persecution.

Statelessness has a devastating impact on individuals and communities. Stateless persons often lack access to basic services, such as education, healthcare, and employment. They are also at increased risk of poverty, exploitation, and abuse. Additionally, stateless persons often face difficulties traveling and obtaining legal documentation, which can make it difficult for them to access their rights and protections.

The UNHCR plays a crucial role in addressing statelessness. The agency works to promote the prevention and reduction of statelessness, provide protection and assistance to stateless persons, and advocate for their rights.

The best way to prevent statelessness is to eliminate discrimination and promote inclusive nationality laws, resolve conflicts and promote peace and stability, and provide legal assistance and support to stateless persons.

The best way to address statelessness when it occurs is to grant nationality to stateless persons, provide them with identity documents, and ensure their access to basic services and rights.

While there has been progress in addressing statelessness, it is likely that statelessness will continue to exist in the 21st century. However, it is possible to reduce statelessness through concerted efforts by governments, international organizations, and civil society.